1268 The Pisan insist and welcome Conradin to the city, gathering a new imperial army that marches south against Charles of Anjou who had become the papal paladin. After the initial successes, Conradin is defeated in Tagliacozzo and beheaded in Naples together with Gherard of the Counts of Donoratico

1389 Pietro Gambacorti engages in an ambitious project of federative union of all the seignories and principates of Italy that is actually undersigned by most major italian cities. But the Visconti of Milan immediately unleash a war coming down to Tuscany, and find support within Pisa in Iacopo d’Appiano who is plotting against Gambacorti

1260 Battle of Monteaperti: the Ghibellines supporting Manfred, with an army formed largely by Pisan and Sienese led by Farinata degli Uberti, exceptionally defeat the Guelphs supported by nearly all tuscan cities. With this victory Pisa regains all it had to surrender in 1254

1329 Pisa receives a new emperor descended to Italy, Louis the Bavarian, together with the antipope Nicholas V and is at the centre of unclear vicissitudes. After the emperor's departure, Bonifacio (Fazio) della Gherardesca is elected Signore. His government brings to a period of peace and relative prosperity, ended abruptly by a dreadful plague epidemy that rages all over Europe

1363 The dispute with Florence results in a war fought with mercenary troops that move indifferently from one side to the other, until the battle of Cascina where the Pisan are heavily defeated

1277 Construction of the Camposanto begins, from this period up to the first decade of the Trecento art will be flourishing in Pisa with the workshop of Nicola Pisano first, and of his son Giovanni later

1399 The son of Iacopo d’Appiano Gherardo sells the city to the Visconti of Milan for 200,000 florins

1406 After rebelling against the florentine troops coming to occupy Pisa, the city is forced to capitulate after a year-long siege, also because betrayed by its own captain Giovanni Gambacorti who sold it for 50,000 florins

1220 Frederick II is crowned emperor, Corsica is apportioned among Pisa, allotted the north, and Genoa obtaining the southern portion

1296 Pope Bonifacius VIII gives Sardinia to James of Aragon as a fief. Although the King can’t take possession of the island yet, he will subsequently claim it

1240 Frederick II staying in Pisa brings a pacification, excluding all papal supporters from public office

1250 Death of Frederick II and ensuing reinforcement of the power of Guelph cities adverse to Pisa

1315 Under the rule of Uguccione della Faggiola Pisa defeats a Guelph alliance in Montecatini, and conquers Lucca

1204 Fourth Crusade of a western army led by the Venetians, besieging and conquering Byzantium. The Pisan, siding with the Eastern emperor, defend the city, and once defeated must surrender most of their privileges to the Venetians

1222 The fiercely Ghibelline Pisa fights and is defeated by the St. Genesius Alliance, a guelph alliance supported by Florence and Lucca, at Castel del Bosco. Within the city some begin to support the Guelphs, with the support of the powerful Visconti family

1241 By the emperor’s order the pisan fleet seizes off the island of Montecristo a convoy of french prelates escorted by the Genoese on their way to Rome for a council called by the pope to dethrone Frederick II. As a consequence of this act a papal interdict is cast on the city

1254 Pisa defeated in Pontedera has to surrender many of its territories to Florence and Lucca

1266 Battle of Benevento: Manfred is defeated and killed, the Ghibelline party is scattered out

1273 The new emperor Rudolf Hapsburg acknowledges the full papal power in Sardinia, posing the premises for Pisa of the subsequent loss of control on the island that was so tantamount to its economic and seafaring power

1284 Battle of Meloria: the Pisan fleet is destroyed by the Genoese, thousands of prisoners are dragged to Genoa in chains. This defeat is but the latest consequence of a progressive political isolation of the city, so fiercely tied to the Ghibelline front and possibly too presumptious and jealous of its own autonomy to the disadvantage of other cities. The Genoese found willing allies in Lucca, atavic enemy of Pisa, and Florence, that was by now forcefully pushing itself on the scene and becoming the premier city in Tuscany

1312 Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg descends to Italy and is triumphally welcomed to Pisa, prepares an expedition against Robert of Anjou in Naples but dies in Buonconvento while marching on Rome. He is buried in the Cathedral in Pisa in a sepulchre sculpted by Tino di Camaino

1323 The conquest of Sardinia by James of Aragon begins, supported by the Pope, Genoa and Florence. After three years of hard struggles Pisa ultimately loses the island

1347 An internal struggle is unleashed between the “raspanti", supported by noblemen of Ghibelline tendencies and the “bergolini”, merchants and commercial bourgeoisie of Guelph ideals. The predominance of the first exacerbates the clashes with Florence, the great new enemy

1370 The Seignory of Pietro Gambacorti begins, characterized by a just and wise government

1393 A ferocious struggle is unleashed in the city between the supporters of Gambacorti and those of Appiano. At the end of the turmoils Pietro Gambacorti is murdered and Iacopo d’Appiano establishes his Seignory

1405 With a treaty signed in Sarzana Pisa is the object of a transaction between the Visconti, supported by the French King Charles VI, who obtain 206,000 fiorins and Sarzana, and the Florentine who obtain Pisa and its territories