1587-1609 Government of Ferdinand I de' Medici, who will give new impulse to the urbanistic, cultural and administrative redevelopment of the city. Although the Pisan college will still enjoy the rulers' support, With the following Medici governments there will be a lower interest in the city, by now dimished by the rise of Livorno as a seaport. In 1893 the “legge livornina” establishes the Livorno port as a refuge for anyone victim of a persecution: huguenots, jews, but also prostitutes and convicts, and affirms the importance of Livorno as the main tuscan seaport

1688 The custom of the luminara is re-established, a tradition dating back to the 14th century

1621-70 Government of Ferdinand II de' Medici

1564-87 Government of Francesco I de' Medici

1609-21 Government of Cosimo II de' Medici

1670/1723 Government of Cosimo III de' Medici

1723-37 Government of Gian Gastone de' Medici. With him the Medici lineage is ingloriously estinguished, and the Grand-duchy of Tuscany becomes a part of an european exchange manoeuvre that will see it assigned to the Lorraine dynasty